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What is Biodiversity?
Nevitha R.S.
Ashok Manjanath
Ashok Manjanath
Sateja Rajwade
Human economic activities release these
trapped carbon dioxides again in the atmosphere through the combustion process
and alter atmospheric chemistry. We also
transform land and ocean surface, causes
deforestation and results in widespread loss
of biodiversity and climate change.
Human activities such as change of land
use or sea use, agricultural practice, and
fossil fuel combustion are the direct drivers
of biodiversity loss and climate change. A
recent study based on cross-national sample of 115 countries showed that the occurrences of natural disaster events, rise in
temperature, and change in precipitation,
play important role in affecting biodiversity
loss.
However, the impact on biodiversity loss is
more affected by the changes in precipitation and temperature rise than the changes in the frequency of the natural disaster
events.
Devi Prasad Rao
Devi Prasad Rao
Nevitha R.S.
Devi Prasad Rao
a) to change land use – from agriculture, unsustainable forest management, urbanization, industrial developments, and transport networks.
b) to stop over-exploitation and unsustainable use of nature.
c) to stop pollution from nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and other pollutants
from industrial, mining, and agricultural activities as well as air pollution, greenhouse
gas emissions, untreated urban and rural waste, and plastic pollution.
d) to mitigate climate change
e) to stop spread of invasive species
Dr Steven Andrews
What is Blue Carbon?
Dr Steven Andrews
Importance of Blue Carbon
The marine ecosystem is a major element of the global carbon cycle, and it contributes approximately half of the annual photosynthetic absorption of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas (GHG)) from the atmosphere.
Carbon is sequestered in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Blue carbon is
sequestered in living marine biomass for relatively short time scales (years to decades). However, unlike terrestrial ecosystems, carbon can be stored or remain
trapped in coastal soil for much longer time periods (centuries to millennia).
Dr Steven Andrews
…Importance of Blue Carbon…
What is a Wetland?
Dr Steven Andrews
Dr Steven Andrews
What is a Wetland?
Rupesh Chindarkar
Rupesh Chindarkar
Nivetha R. S.
Ashok Manjanath
More than a billion people depend on wetlands for living
Rice paddy agricultural wetlands provides staple diet for 3.5 billion people
Wetlands (especially rivers, lakes and coastal areas are hotspot for relaxation
and pleasure tourism
Safe water access enhances educational opportunities for communities living along wetland
Almost all of world’s freshwater consumption is either directly or indirectly
drawn from wetlands
Sustainable upstream water management can provide affordable and
clean energy
Wetlands supports 266 million jobs through wetland-based tourism and travel
activities
Health wetlands protects from flooding and storm surge
Urban wetland acts natural affluent treatment zone
Sustainably managed wetlands support water consumption demand
Heathy wetland can mitigate climate change as natural carbon storage
zone. For example: Peatlands cover only 3% of global land but store about
twice the amount of carbon stored by world’s entire forest biomass.
Healthy and productive oceans rely on well-functioning coastal and marine
wetlands.
40% of all the world’s species live and breed in wetlands
Sagar Shinde
NOT just HUMAN-induced CLIMATE
CHANGE but
Dr Kuntal Goswami
Dr Kuntal Goswami
Mark Freed
NOT just HUMAN-induced CLIMATE
CHANGE but
Ashok Manjanath
Forests in the Natural Ecosystems – the Bedrock of Life on Earth
Forest is fundamental to fight climate change, to conserve nature, to save people
and to run the economy. It is estimated that 1.6 billion people depends on forests
for food, water, wood, and employment.
Forests sequester carbon, regulate our climate, acts as flood barriers, recharge
groundwater, filter air, protect biodiversity. In addition, forests contribute about
$150 trillion to economic progress.
Deforestation is increasing global CO2 emissions by 15% and if we consider tropical deforestation a country then it would be the world’s third largest emitter. It is
estimated that globally we deforest tropical forest equal to the size of New York’s
Central Park in every 15 minutes.
Hence, it is impossible to halt climate change and stay well below 1.5 degree C
temperature rise relative to pre-industrial revolution days, until or less we can stop
deforestation.
Sateja Rajwade
Alarming facts of the Global Biomass of all mammals and birds
Jayesh O Bhanushali
What are Aichi Biodiversity Targets and how much each target has
progressed?
Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building.
Out of 20 targets only six targets had been partially progressed and these six targets are:
Target 9: Controlling invasive alien species pathways and preventing their establishment.
Target 11: 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved.
Target 16: Use of Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of benefits arising from their utilization is present in signatories.
Target 17: Submission, development, and implementation of national biodiversity strategy plans
Target 19: Research, scientific support and technology relating to biodiversity conservation are improved and widely shared
Target 20: Signatories have mobilised the needed amount of financial resources to implement their national biodiversity strategy plans via domestic spending and international financial flows.
Jayesh O Bhanushali
The Need for a Global Annual Biodiversity Conservation Fund
The World Economic Forum, estimates that about USD $44 trillion of economic value
or over half of the world’s GDP, is moderately or highly dependent on nature. The
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) Index has estimated that one-fifth of all
countries, with both developing and advanced economies, have more than 30%
of their territory at risk of ecosystem collapse due to a decline in biodiversity.
For example: countries such as Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan are particularly at risk
as they are highly dependent on their agricultural sectors and, additionally, they
have highly fragile ecosystems.
A) Funding requirement for Biodiversity Conservation
Expand the global protected area network to 30% of all USD $149-192
terrestrial and marine ecosystems
Global conservation and restoration of critical coastal USD $27-37 billion
ecosystems including mangroves, seagrass, saltmarshes, and oyster reefs
B) Funding requirement for mainstream biodiversity conservation
Global sustainable management of agricultural lands USD $438-580 billion
(cropland, and rangelands), forests, and fisheries
Global invasive species management USD $36-84 billion
Biodiversity conservation in urban environments and re USD $72.6-73.2 billion
ducing water pollution
Roots – the Invisible Heroes
Katan Talati
Vinod Shlivahana
Katan Talati
Roots – the Invisible Heroes
…Roots – the Invisible Heroes (conti…)
As roots form a web of network it hold the soil, absorbs sediments, and helps to protect coastal erosion and plants diminish the energy of larger waves, thereby, helps in coastal protection.
New research also suggesting that roots can be used to mine resources such rare earth minerals
Vinod Shlivahana
…Roots – the Invisible Heroes (conti…)
In future we may prefer plants with longer roots keeping in mind longer dry spell due to climate change. Plants
may need to grow deep in the soil to source water. Longer roots can also maintain soil fertility
As roots form a web of network it hold the soil, absorbs sediments, and helps to protect coastal erosion and plants diminish the energy of larger waves, thereby, helps in coastal protection.
New research also suggesting that roots can be used to mine resources such rare earth minerals
Mark Parnell
Soil – reservoir of Biodiversity & stock of Carbon
Devi Prasad Rao
…Soil – reservoir of Biodiversity & stock of Carbon…
Microbes includes virus, bacteria, archaea, fungi (20 nm to 10 um) and Microfauna
like soil protozoa and nematodes (10 um to 0.1 mm). They facilitate decomposition
of soil organic matter, weathering of minerals.
Mesofauna (0.1 mm to 2 mm) are soil microarthropods (mites, springtails, enchytraeids, apterygote and small larvae of insects). They facilitate transformation of
soil organic matter and increases the surface of active biochemical interactions in
the soil.
Macrofauna (2 nm to 20 mm) are large soil invertebrates (earthworms, woodlice,
ants, termites, beetles, insect larvae). They act litter transformers, increases water
permeability and soil aeration.
Sourav Mahant
…Soil – reservoir of Biodiversity & stock of
Carbon…
…Soils holds largest stock of carbon on
earth and in a broad sense, the carbon in
soil is recycled within a microbe-driven soil
food web. Microorganisms are thus central
players in the transformation of plant and
animal residues and are also key reservoirs
of organic carbon in soil
Carbon is either fixed or released from soils,
depending on the activity of the soil microbiomes, and driven by abiotic conditions
such as water content, temperature, oxygen level and pH level.
Soil has a tremendous potential for regulating the atmospheric carbon content by sequestering carbon and mitigating climate
change.
Reference
International Finance Corporation (2020), International Finance Corporation (2020)
Carbon: The Unauthorised Biography, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) (2022)
Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2020)
Global Wetland Outlook – State of the World’s Wetlands and their services to people,
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (2018)
Global Wetland Outlook – State of the World’s Wetlands and their services to people,
Muzafar Shah Habibullah, Badariah Haji Din, Siow-Hooi Tan, and Hasan Zahid (2021)
Understanding your Blue Carbon Project, Clean Energy Regulator (2022)
Scientific Outcome of the IPBES-IPCC Workshop on Biodiversity and climate change, IPBES-IPCC (2021)
State of Knowledge of Soil Biodiversity, Food and Agriculture organisation of the United Nations (2020)